UNIT - I
Computer System and Operating System Overview: Overview of Operating System - What operating systems do, User view, System view, defining operating systems; Operating Systems functions- Process Management, Memory Management, Storage Management, File-System Management, Mass-Storage Management, Caching, Protection and security; Distributed systems, Special purpose systems, Real-Time Embedded Systems, Multimedia Systems, Handheld Systems, Operating Systems Structures, Simple Structure, Layered Approach, Micro Kernels, Modules; Systems Calls- Process control, File management, Device management, Information maintenance, Communication; Operating systems generation.
UNIT - II
Process Management: Process, Process States, Process Control Block, Process Scheduling- Scheduling Queues, Schedulers; Operations- Process Creation, Process termination; Inter process communication- Shared-Memory Systems, Message-Passing Systems, Naming, Synchronization, Buffering; Multi Thread programming models- Many to one, One to one, Many to Many model;
Process Scheduling Criteria- CPU scheduler, Preemptive scheduling, Dispatcher, Scheduling Criteria; CPU Scheduling Algorithms- First Come First Serve, Shortest job first, Priority Scheduling, Round robin scheduling.
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UNIT - III
Concurrency: Process Synchronization, The Critical-Section Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Synchronization Hardware. Semaphores- Usage, Implementation, Deadlock and Starvation; Classic Problems of Synchronization- Bounded buffer problem, Readers writers’ problem, Dining-Philosophers problem; Monitors- Usage, Dining-Philosophers solution using monitors.
Memory Management: Swapping, Contiguous Memory Allocation- Memory Allocation, Fragmentation; Paging- Basic Method, Hardware Method, Protection, shared pages; Structure of the Page table- Hierarchical Paging, Hashed Page Tables. Segmentation- Basic Method, hardware.
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UNIT - IV
Virtual Memory Management: Virtual Memory. Demand Paging- Basic concept, copy on write; Page-Replacement Algorithms- Basic page replacement, FIFO page replacement, optimal page replacement, LRU page replacement, LFU page replacement; Thrashing- Cause of Thrashing, Working set model, Page fault frequency
Principles of Deadlock: Deadlock System Model. Deadlock Characterization- Necessary Conditions, Resource allocation graph; Deadlock Prevention- Mutual exclusion, Hold and wait, No preemption, Circular wait; Deadlock Detection and Avoidance- Resource allocation Graph algorithm, Banker’s algorithm, Single instance of each resource type, several instances of each resource type; Recovery Form Deadlock- Process termination, Resource preemption
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UNIT - V
File System: The Concept of a File- file attributes, file operations, file types, file structures; Access Methods- sequential access, direct access, other access methods; Directory Structure- single level directory, two level directories, tree structured directory, general graph directory; File Sharing- multiple users, remote file systems; Protection- types of access, access control.
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Implementing File System: File System Structure. File System Implementation- overview, partitions and mounting, virtual file systems; Allocation Methods- contiguous allocation, linked allocation, indexed allocation; Free-Space Management- linked list, grouping, counting. Disk Scheduling- FCFS scheduling, SSTF scheduling, SCAN scheduling, C-SCAN scheduling, LOOK scheduling.
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